What Is a Russian Banya

A Russian banya is a type of a steam sauna that is usually heated in a stove. An old tradition that has existed in Russia for centuries, steam bathing is considered to be good for relaxation and health, as well as a way to spend time with friends, family, or even colleagues. It is still very popular in Russia. Key Takeaways: Russian Banya Russian banyas are a type of steam bath.Banyas have been long associated with good health, relaxation, and a way to socialize that bypasses the usual boundaries, creating an atmosphere of openness and friendship.As a symbol of hospitality, guests were always offered a banya experience.Black banyas were banyas where large stones were heated in open flames.White banyas had stone stoves with chimneys.Veniks are besoms made of dried tree or herb branches.Modern banyas often include a steam room, a washing room, and an entrance room. Origins of the Russian Banya The first mentions of a banya appear in The Primary Chronicle, also known as The Tale of Bygone Years (ПÐ ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð’Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ã'… ЛÐ µÃ'‚ - POvyest VRYEmennykh LYET), which is dated from around 1113 and covers the history of the early Slavs from the biblical times until the time of its writing. Early Slavs used their house stoves as the first banyas. The stoves were at least 1.5 meters deep and about 0.5 meters wide (5 ft. by 1.6 ft), often large enough to accommodate several family members. After cooking, the Slavs cleaned out the inside of the stoves and lined them with hay and straw before getting in and enjoying the remaining warmth. A bucket of water was placed inside and the bathers sprinkled the water onto the ceiling of the stove, creating the steam. In a Russian Banya, 1916. Artist: Tikhov, Vitali Gavrilovich. Heritage Images  /  Getty Images Eventually, purpose-built banyas appeared. At first, these had no chimney and the warmth was achieved by heating large stones in an open flame. Once the desired heat was reached, windows and doors were opened to let the smoke out before the banya was ready to be used. This type of bathing was called Ð ¿Ã ¾-Ã'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' (paCHYORnamoo), black banya, due to the amount of smoke and soot that remained on the walls and ceiling. Later on, stone stoves with exhaust pipes began to be used, which prevented the smoke from gathering inside. This style of bathing was referred to as Ð ¿Ã ¾-Ð ±Ã µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' (paBYElamoo), white banya. During the cold months, people came out of the heat straight into the snow and rubbed it on their skin to cool themselves down before going back in. Banyas were often built on a riverbank so that bathers could jump into the water to cool down. Although Russian banyas are thought to be tough to bear, in reality, the temperature is lower than in a Finnish sauna and is maintained at around 60 ° to 90 ° Celsius (140 ° - 195 °F), with the humidity kept at 50-90%, which makes it more similar to a Western steam room. It is the additional element of being lashed with a venik—a bunch of tree branches—that creates the impression of the Russian banyas as being particularly strenuous. A man in a banya beats himself with veniks, (birch branches). These are used to help fan the heat down from the ceiling and also to increase the circulation. Dean Conger  /  Getty Images How to Use a Banya A banya usually has a hot or steam room (Ð ¿Ã °Ã'€Ð ½Ã °Ã'  - parNAya, or Ð ¿Ã °Ã'€Ð ¸Ã »Ã ºÃ ° - paREELka), a washing room, and an entrance room (Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã ±Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã ¸Ã º - pryedBANnik). Visitors take a hot shower and dry their skin completely before entering the steam room. Felt hats are used to prevent the head and hair from overheating. After 5-10 minutes and once the body is hot, you can cool off in the washroom using cold water, then go back into the heat. Visitors usually repeat this several times until they feel fully relaxed. On the second or third visit to the steam room, visitors can use a venik to lash themselves on their arms, legs, back, and chest, or ask someone else to do it for them. Snacks and hot herbal tea is often served in the entrance room where you can relax with your friends between visits to the hot room. The interior of the Russian banya with bath accessories. vubaz / Getty Images How to Use a Venik A venik is a besom made of tree or herb branches. The most common ones are made out of birch, juniper, oak, eucalyptus, nettle, and pine. If the venik is made of dried branches, then it is placed in hot water at the beginning of the banya session for 10-15 minutes. When it is ready, the venik is used to lightly lash the body, massaging it and releasing essential oils from the plants. The water left from soaking the venik is then used to rinse the hair and skin. Russian Banya Etiquette Modern Russian banyas are divided into men and women areas. Swimwear is not used and everyone gets completely naked, wrapping themselves with towels instead. It is customary to exchange light lashings with friends or other guests using the veniks unless there is a professional banya worker—Ð ±Ã °Ã ½Ã'‰Ð ¸Ã º (BANshik)—who takes that responsibility. Cultural Significance Banyas were so essential to the Slavic way of life that most people had their own family banyas, which they built next to their houses. Whole families and even villages bathed together, men, women, and children in the same area. Any guests or visitors were offered a banya as a symbol of hospitality. Saturdays were bathing days and most families heated their banyas at least once a week, on Saturdays, and often several times a week. In Slavic mythology, banyas were inhabited by a spirit called the bannik, thought to be moody and sometimes evil. Specific rituals, including gifts and offerings, were often employed to soften the banniks heart. Banyas were considered to be a magical place where fire, earth, water, and air elements came together, creating a cleansing and spiritual experience. In contemporary Russia, many people still go to the banya once a week. The ritual is also popular with celebrities, businessmen, and politicians who often socialize in the banyas. Many public banyas, such as the famous Sandouny, provide private rooms and lavish feasts to their guests, making a banya visit a special experience. In Russia, banyas have been long associated with good health, relaxation, and a way to socialize that bypasses the usual boundaries, creating an atmosphere of openness and friendship.

Why I Did Little For Aspiring Writers - 1299 Words

After I graduated from college three years ago, I wanted to quickly break into the writing world. I knew I had a writer s mind and a writer s blood, yet I didn t acknowledge the true commitment it took to become a good writer. I experienced many months of harsh rejection after submitting my stories to various literary magazines and began to realize what it takes: constant hard work, constant revising, a thick skin and, mostly, never giving up. It’s then that I finally started focusing on something other than becoming published and decided to slow down, examine the work I was doing, why I was doing it and what needed to change. The first aspect I realized that needed changing was the static literature I was†¦show more content†¦This was something I strictly enforced and still do. If I didn t do my writing, I wasn t going to go see that movie, I wasn t going to meet my friends in the city or I wasn t going to finish those last few chapters of the novel I was reading. Ul timately, I stopped making excuses for why I was not dedicating the right amount of time to the craft. So, five days a week I carve out four hours for studio time each day. These hours are spent writing or editing whatever project I am working on. I also allot an additional three to five hours for literature on the weekends because good writing has an extremely positive effect on my work. And even though I have a new group of favorite writers like Colum McCann, Junot Dà ­az, Lance Olsen, Anne Lamott and Sherman Alexi, I am open to different writers and genres that I would have neglected before. It s also important for me to survey the work I have completed every few months. This helps me document what has been working, what hasn t and what themes I have subconsciously been working with. Since adopting these stricter guidelines, I’ve been published several times. Of course, this was extremely exciting for a young writer. One of the publications that has meant the most to me w as my university s student and alumni journal, The Bridge. I had always submitted stories as an undergrad and was always rejected. A few years ago, I began writing a story from an idea that I had been nurturing since my high school

Review Chemistry Chapter 4 Free Essays

string(28) " none of these Answer: B 4\." CHAPTER 4 REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 4.1 Which of the following compounds is a strong electrolyte? E A. H2O B. We will write a custom essay sample on Review Chemistry Chapter 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now O2 C. H2SO4 D. C6H12O6 (glucose) E. CH3COOH (acetic acid) Answer: C 4.2 Which of the following compounds is a strong electrolyte? E A. H2O B. N2 C. KOH D. C2H6O (ethanol) E. CH3COOH (acetic acid) Answer: C 4.3 Which of the following compounds is a weak electrolyte? E A. HCl B. CH3COOH (acetic acid) C. C6H12O6 (glucose) D. O2 E. NaCl Answer: B 4.4 Which of the following compounds is a weak electrolyte? E A. HCl B. NH3 C. C6H12O6 (glucose) D. N2 E. KCl Answer: B 4.5 Which of the following compounds is a nonelectrolyte? E A. NaF B. HNO3 C. CH3COOH (acetic acid) D. NaOH E. C6H12O6 (glucose) Answer: E 4.6 Which of the following compounds is a nonelectrolyte? E A. NaOH B. HNO3 C. CH3COOH (acetic acid) D. KF E. C2H6O (ethanol) Answer: E 4.7 Identify the major ionic species present in an aqueous solution of NaNO3. M A. Na2+, NO3 – B. Na+, N3 – , O3 C. Na+, N3 -, O32 – D. Na+, N+, O2 – E. Na+, NO3 – Answer: E 4.8 Identify the major ionic species present in an aqueous solution of Ca(OH)2. E A. Ca2+, H+, O2 – B. Ca2+, OH2- C. Ca+, H-, O2 – D.Ca2+, O2H22 – E. Ca2+, OH – Answer: E 4.9 The distinguishing characteristic of all electrolyte solutions is that they: E A. contain molecules B. conduct electricity C. react with other solutions D. always contain acids E. conduct heat Answer: B 4.10 According to the solubility rules, which one of the following compounds is insoluble Ein water? A. NaCl B. MgBr2 C. FeCl2 D. AgBr E. ZnCl2 Answer: D 4.11 According to the solubility rules, which one of the following compounds is insoluble Ein water? A. Na2SO4 B. BaSO4 C. CuSO4 D. MgSO4 E. Rb2SO4 Answer: B 4.12According to the solubility rules, which one of the following compounds is insoluble Ein water? A. CaCO3 B. (NH4)2CO3 C. Na2CO3 D. K2CO3 E. KNO3 Answer: A 4.13 According to the solubility rules, which one of the following is soluble in water? E A. Hg2Cl2 B. Na2S C. Ag2CO3 D. Ag2S E. BaSO4 Answer: B 4.14 According to the solubility rules, which one of the following is soluble in water? E A. AgBr B. AgCl C. Ag2CO3 D. AgNO3 E. Ag2S Answer: D 4.15According to the solubility rules, which one of the following is soluble in water? E A. (NH4)3PO4 B. Ca3(PO4)2 C. AlPO4 D.Ag3PO4 E. Mg3(PO4)2 Answer: A 4.16 According to the solubility rules, which one of the following is soluble in water? E A. CaSO4 B. BaSO4 C. PbSO4 D. K2SO4 Answer: D 4.17 In accordance with the solubility rules, which of the following will occur when Msolutions containing about 0. 1 g of Pb(NO3)2(aq) and KI(aq) /100 mL are mixed? A. KNO3 will precipitate; Pb2+ and I- will be spectator ions. B. No precipitate will form. C. Pb(NO3)2 will precipitate; K+ and I- will be spectator ions. D. PbI2 will precipitate; K+ and NO3- will be spectator ions. E. Pb2+ and I- will be spectator ions, and PbI2 will precipitate. Answer: D 4.18 In accordance with the solubility rules, which of the following will occur when Msolutions of CuSO4(aq) and BaCl2(aq) are mixed? A. CuCl2 will precipitate; Ba2+ and SO42 – will be spectator ions. B. CuSO4 will precipitate; Ba2+ and Cl – will be spectator ions. C. BaSO4 will precipitate; Cu2+ and Cl- will be spectator ions. D. BaCl2 will precipitate; Cu2+ and SO42 – will be spectator ions. E. No precipitate will form. Answer: C 4.19 In accordance with the solubility rules, which of the following will occur when Msolutions of ZnSO4(aq) and MgCl2(aq) are mixed? A. ZnCl2 will precipitate; Mg2+ and SO42 – will be spectator ions. B. ZnSO4 will precipitate; Mg2+ and Cl- will be spectator ions. C. MgSO4 will precipitate; Zn2+ and Cl- will be spectator ions. D. MgCl2 will precipitate; Zn2+ and SO42 – will be spectator ions. E. No precipitate will form. Answer: E 4.20 Which of the following is the correct net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs M when solutions of Pb(NO3)2 and NH4Cl are mixed? A. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NH4Cl(aq) NH4NO3(aq) + PbCl2(s) B. Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) PbCl2(s) C. Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) 2NH4+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + PbCl2(s) D. NH4+(aq) + NO3-(aq) 2NH4NO3 Answer: B 4.21 The common constituent in all acid solutions is: M A. H2 B. H+ C. OH- D. H2SO4 E. Cl- Answer: B 4.22 Identify the ions present in an aqueous solution of LiOH. E A. Li2+, O- , H- B. Li+, OH- C. LiO-, H+ D. Li+, O2 – , H+ E. Li – , OH+ Answer: B 4.23Identify the major ions present in an aqueous solution of HNO3. E A. HN+, O2 – B. OH- , NO3- C. OH- , NO+ D. H+, N3-, O2 – E. H+, NO3- Answer: E 4.24What choice gives the correct formula of the salt formed in the neutralization Ereaction of hydrochloric acid and calcium hydroxide? A. CaO B.CaCl2 C. CaH2 D. CaCl E. CaClH Answer: B 4.25 What is the chemical formula of the salt produced by neutralization of Ehydrobromic acid with Mg(OH)2? A. MgBr B. Mg2Br3 C. Mg3Br2 D. Mg2Br E. MgBr2 Answer: E 4.26 What is the chemical formula of the salt produced by neutralization of nitric acid M with Ca(OH)2? A. CaNO3 B. Ca2(NO3)3 C. Ca3(NO3)2 D. Ca2NO3 E. Ca(NO3)2 Answer: E 4.27 What is the chemical formula of the salt produced by neutralization of sodium Mhydroxide with sulfuric acid? A. NaSO3 B. Na2(SO4)3 C. Na(SO4)2 D. Na2SO4 E. Na3SO4 Answer: D 4.28 What is the chemical formula of the salt produced by neutralization of potassium M hydroxide (KOH) with sulfuric acid (H2SO4)? A. KSO3 B. K2(SO4)3 C. K2SO4 D. K(SO4)2 E. KSO4 Answer: C 4.29 The oxidation number of N in NaNO3 is: M A. +6 B. +5 C. +3 D. – 3 E. none of these Answer: B 4.30 The oxidation number of S in K2SO4 is: M A. +6 B. +4 C. +2 D. – 1 E. none of these Answer: A 4.31 The oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4 is: M A. +8 B. +7 C. +5 D. – 7 E. – 8 Answer: B 4.32 The oxidation number of Fe in K3Fe(CN)6 is: H A. +3 B. +2 C. +1 D. – 3 E. – 4 Answer: A 4.33 The oxidation number of Cr in Cr2O72 – is: H A. – 12 B. – 7 C. – 2 D. +6 E. +7 Answer: D 4.34 The oxidation number of Cl in ClO3- is: H A. – 1 B. +7 C. +5 D. +3 E. none of these Answer: C 4.35 The oxidation number of Cl in ClO4- is: H A. – 1 B. +1 C. +3 D. +5 E. none of these Answer: E 4.36 The maximum oxidation number of nitrogen is: H A. +8 B. +5 C. +3 D. +1 E. – 3 Answer: B 4.37 The highest possible oxidation number of carbon is: M A. +8 B. +6 C. +4 D. +2 E. – 4 Answer: C 4.38 Select the compound below in which sulfur has its highest possible oxidation number. H A. H2S B. SO2 C. Na2SO4 D. H2SO3 E. SCl2 Answer: C 4. 39 The oxidation number of N in N2H4 is: M A. +4 B. – 4 C. +2 D. – 2 E. 0 Answer: D 4.40 Which choice below gives the oxidation numbers for all three elements in Rb2SO3 Mcorrectly, and in the order shown in the formula? A. – 2, +6, – 2 B. – 1, +4, – 3 C. +2, +4, – 2 D. +1, +4, – 2 E. +1, +6, – 6 Answer: D 4.41 Which one of the following is a redox reaction? M A. H+(aq) + OH – (aq) H2O(l) B. 2KBr(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbBr2(s) C. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) D. Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g) E. CO32 – + HSO4- HCO3- + SO42 – Answer: D 4. 42 Which of the following reactions does not represent an oxidation- Mreduction reaction? A. 3Al + 6HCl 3H2 + AlCl3 B. 2H2O 2H2 + O2 C. 2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 PbCl2 + 3NaNO3 D. 2NaI + Br2 2NaBr + I2 Answer: C 4. 43 In the following reaction the oxidizing agent is: H 5H2O2 + 2MnO4- + 6H+ 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2 A. H2O2 B. MnO4- C. H+ D. Mn2+ E. O2 Answer: B 4. 44In the following reaction the oxidizing agent is: H 5S + 6KNO3 + 2CaCO3 3K2SO4 + 2CaSO4 + CO2 + 3N2 A. S B. N2 C. KNO3 D. CaSO4 E. CaCO3 Answer: C 4. 45 Identify the oxidizing agent in the following reaction: H 2MnO4- + 5H2SO3 2Mn2+ + 5SO42 – + 4H+ + 3H2O A. MnO4- B. H2SO3 C. Mn2+ D. SO42 – E. H+ Answer: A 4.46 Identify the reducing agent in the following reaction: H 5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) A. Fe2+ B. MnO4- C. H+ D. Mn2+ E. Fe3+ Answer: A 4.47 Identify the reducing agent in the following reaction. M Cd + NiO2 + 2H2O Cd(OH)2 + Ni(OH)2 A. Cd B. NiO2 C. H2O D. Cd(OH)2 E. Ni(OH)2 Answer: A 4.48 What element is oxidized in the following reaction? M 3Cu + 8HNO3 ? Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O A. Cu B. H C. N D. O E. H2O Answer: A 4.49 What element is oxidized in the following reaction? M Cd + NiO2 + 2H2O Cd(OH)2 + Ni(OH)2 A. Cd B. Ni C. O D. H Answer: A 4. 50 What element is oxidized in the following reaction? M H2SO4 + Cd(OH)2 2H2O + CdSO4 A. H B. S C. O D. Cd E. none of these Answer: E 4.51 What element is reduced in the following reaction? M Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O A. Cu B. H C. S D. O E. H2O Answer: C 4.52 Predict the products of the following displacement reaction. M Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) A. CuS(s) + Fe2SO4(aq) B. Fe(s) + Cu(s) + SO4(aq) C. Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq) D. FeCuSO4 E. FeO(s) + CuSO3(aq) Answer: C 4.53 Complete and balance the following half-reaction. M ClO- + e- Cl- (basic solution) The balanced half-reaction will show which of the following: A. two hydroxide ions on the right side B. one electron on the left side C. six H+ ions on the right side D. six H+ ions on the left side E. two water molecules on the left side Answer: A 4.54 Complete and balance the following redox equation. When balanced with Mwhole number coefficients, the coefficient of S is: H2S + HNO3 S + NO (acidic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. E. 6 Answer: C 4.55 When balanced, what is the coefficient of Sn in the equation? M Sn + HNO3 SnO2 + NO2 + H2O (acidic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 Answer: A 4.56 Complete and balance the following redox reaction. What is the coefficient of H2O M when the equation is balanced with the smallest whole number coefficients? MnO4- + SO32 – Mn2+ + SO42 – (acidic solution) A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 8 E. none of these Answer: A 4. 57 Complete and balance the following redox reaction. What is the coefficient of H2S Mwhen the equation is balanced with the set of smallest whole numbers? H2S + MnO4- Mn2+ + SO42 – (acidic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 5 E. none of these Answer: D 4.58 Complete and balance the following redox equation. What is the coefficient of H2O Mwhen the equation is balanced with the set of smallest whole numbers? MnO4- + I – MnO2 + IO3- (basic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 10 E. none of these Answer: A 4.59 Complete and balance the following redox reaction. What is the coefficient of OH- Mwhen the equation is balanced with the set of smallest whole numbers? MnO4- + I – MnO2 + IO3- (basic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 10 E. none of these Answer: B 4.60 Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole- Mnumber coefficients. Now sum the coefficients of all species in the balanced equation. Remember the coefficients equal to one. The sum of the coefficients is: BrO3- (aq) + Sb3+(aq) Br – (aq) + Sb5+(aq) (acidic solution) A. 4 B. 12 C. 13 D. 17 E. none of these Answer: D 4.61 Complete and balance the following redox reaction with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients. M When correctly balanced the sum of all the coefficients in the equation will be: (Recall, the absence of a coefficient is understood to be a 1) PbO2(s) + Cl- Pb2+ + Cl2(g) (acidic solution) A. 2 B. 4 C. 5 D. 9 E. 11 Answer: E 4.62 Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole Mnumber coefficients possible. What is the sum of the coefficients? (Remember the coefficients equal to one. ) HI + HNO3 I2 + NO (acidic solution) A. 5 B. 7 C. 14 D. 17 E. none of these Answer: D 4.63 Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients Mpossible. What is the sum of the coefficients? MnO4- + Br – Mn2+ + Br2 (acidic solution) A. 6 B. 17 C. 1 D. 29 E. 43 Answer: E Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients Mpossible. What is the sum of the coefficients? Bi(OH)3 + SnO2 2 – Bi + SnO32 – (basic solution) A. 32 B. 25 C. 16 D. 13 E. none of these Answer: D 4.65 Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients Mpossible. What is the sum of the coefficients? Br2 BrO3- + Br- (basic solution) A. 9 B. 12 C. 18 D. 21 E. none of these Answer: C 4.66 Which of the following is a displacement reaction? E A. NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g) B. Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s) C. 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) D. 2P(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2PCl3(g) E. 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g) Answer: B 4.67 Which of the following is a halogen displacement reaction? E A. 2KBr(aq) + Cl2(g) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(l) B. 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) C. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) D. 2KNO3(s) 2KNO2(s) + O2(g) E. 2LiOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Li2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Answer: A 4.68 Which of the following is a precipitation reaction? M A. 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) B. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) C. KNO3(s) 2KNO2(s) + O2(g) D. 2KBr(aq) + Cl2(g) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(l) E. 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g) Answer: B 4.69 Which of the following is an acid-base neutralization reaction? E A. 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g) B. SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(g) C. LiOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) LiNO3(aq) + H2O(l) D. 2KBr(aq) + Cl2(g) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(l) E. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) Answer: C 4.70 25. 0 mL of a 0. 175 M solution of KOH is diluted with pure water to a final Mvolume of 750. 0 mL. What is the final molarity of the KOH solution? 0. 00583 M 0. 0163 M 0. 0333 M 0. 229 M Answer: A 4.71 Consider the solution reaction AlCl3 + 3AgNO3 3AgCl + Al(NO3)3. M What volume of 0. 100 M AlCl3 will exactly react with 55. 0 mL of 0. 162 M AgNO3? 89. 1 mL 9. 90 mL 46. 2 mL 29. 7 mL Answer: D 4.72 What is the molarity of a solution in which 26. 0 grams of BaCl2 M(molar mass = 208. 2 g/mol) are dissolved in enough water to make 450. 0 mL of solution? 0. 278 M 0. 617 M 1. 00 M 3. 41 M Answer: A 4.73 If 40. 0 mL of H2SO4 solution reacts with 0. 212 g of Na2CO3, what is the Mmolarity of the H2SO4 solution? Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O 0. 50 M 0. 10 M 0. 20 M 0. 40 M 0. 050 M Answer: E 4.74 What volume of 0. 122 M HCl would react with 26. 2 mL of 0. 176 M NaOH? M 37. 8 mL 18. 2 mL 5. 56 mL 26. 3 mL 75. 6 mL Answer: A 4.75 What is the oxidation number of N in NaNO3? M +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 Answer: E 4.76 In the following reaction, which species is being reduced? MFeBr3 + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 + 3Br2 A. the Cl in Cl2 B. the Fe in FeBr3 C. the Br in FeBr3 D. This is not a redox reaction. Answer: A 4.77 Which is the oxidation number of arsenic in K3AsO4? M +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 Answer: D 4.78 In which of the compounds below is nitrogen in the +1 oxidation state? M A. N2O4 B. HNO3 C. N2 D. N2O E. none of these Answer: D 4.79 Which reaction below is NOT an oxidation-reduction reaction? M CaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2 NaCl(aq) 2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g) 2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g) Zn(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s) Answer: A 4.80 Identify the oxidizing agent in the following reaction: 2 Na(s) + H2(g) 2 NaH(s) M Na(s) NaH(s) H2(g) Answer: C 4. 81Which of the following is the correct NET IONIC equation for the M neutralization of acetic acid (HAc) with Ca(OH)2? (Ac = acetate ion) 2 HAc + Ca(OH)2 CaAc2 + 2 H2O H+ + OH – H2O HAc + OH – Ac – + H2O 2 H+ + Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2 H2O Answer: C 4.82 Which of the following is INCORRECTLY classified? (Ac = acetate ion) E HAc / weak electrolyte HCl / strong electrolyte NaCl / strong electrolyte NaOH / weak electrolyte H2O / nonelectrolyte Answer: D 4.83 Which of the following compounds are INCORRECTLY classified with respect to its solubility in water? M NaBr / soluble KCrO4 / insoluble MgCl2 / soluble AgCl / insoluble PbS / insoluble Answer: B 4.84 Which of these is a weak acid? E HNO3 H2SO4 HBr HI H2S Answer: E 4.85 Solutions of BaCl2(aq), Na2SO4(aq) and KNO3(aq) are mixed together. MWhat compound is likely to precipitate from the solution? NaNO3 Ba(NO3)2 BaSO4 KCl K2SO4 Answer: C SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 4.86 Define solution, solute and solvent. E Answer: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The substance present in a smaller amount is called the solute, while the substance present in the larger amount is called the solvent. 4.87 Identify each of the following compounds as an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte. E a. NaOH___________________ b. H2SO4___________________ c. methanol___________________ d. C12H22O11 (sucrose)___________________ e. MgCl2___________________ Answer: a. electrolyte b. electrolyte c. onelectrolyte d. nonelectrolyte e. electrolyte 4.88 Identify each of the following compounds as a strong electrolyte, weak electrolyte, Eor non electrolyte. a. CH3OH (methanol)____________________ b. CH3COOH____________________ c. KNO3____________________ d. NH3____________________ e. NH4Cl____________________ Answer: a. nonelectrolyte b. weak electrolyte c. strong electrolyte d. weak electrolyte e. strong electrolyte 4.89 Describe three situations or conditions in which a reaction will proceed to Mcompletion. Answer: a. reactions in which a precipitate is formed b. reactions in which H2O is formed c. eactions in which a gas is formed 4.90Define and illustrate with an example the difference between an electrolyte and Mnonelectrolyte. Answer: (answers will vary) An electrolyte is a substance that will dissolve in water and break up into ions so the solution can conduct electricity. An example is Sodium hydrogen carbonate. A nonelectrolyte is a substance that does not break up into ions when dissolved in water and the resulting solution does not conduct electricity. An example is sugar. 4.91Define precipitate and illustrate with an example. E Answer: A precipitate is an insoluble solid that separates from a solution. CoCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3(aq) CoCO3 (s) + 2NaCl (aq) CoCO3 would be the precipitate in this reaction. 4.92 What are three characteristics of a base? E Answer: a. Bases taste bitter. b. Bases feel slippery. c. Bases change change red litmus paper to blue. 4.93 What are three characteristics of an acid? E Answer: a. Acids taste sour. b. Acids change blue litmus paper to red. c. Acids react with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas . 4.94 What kind of bonding is found in all salts? E Answer: ionic 4.95 Give an example of a monoprotic acid, diprotic acid, and triprotic acid. E Answer: (answers will vary) HNO3 , H2CO3 , H3PO 4 .96 Write the net ionic equation for the following reaction. Aqueous iron (III) sulfate is E added to aqueous sodium sulfide to produce iron (III) sulfide solid and aqueous sodium sulfate. Answer: 2Fe3+ (aq) + 3S2 – (aq) Fe2S3 (s) 4.97 What is the oxidation number for each of the elements in the following compound? M Cs2Cr2O7 Answer: Cs1+, Cr6+, O2 – 4.98 Identify the element being oxidized, the element being reduced, the oxidizing Magent, and the reducing agent in the following reactions. 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 Answer: Al is oxidized;O2 is reduced; Al is the reducing agent; O2 is the oxidizing agent 4.99 Identify the element being oxidized, the element being reduced, the oxidizing Magent, and the reducing agent in the following reactions. 2KBr + F2 ? Br2 + 2KF Answer: Br – is oxidized, F2 is reduced, KBr is the reducing agent, F2 is the oxidizing agent 4.100 What is the oxidation number for each of the elements in the following compound? M BaNaPO4 Answer: Ba, +2; Na, +1; P, +5; O, -2 4. 101What is the oxidation number for each of the elements in the following compound? M K2TaF7 Answer: K, +1; Ta, +5; F, -1 4.102 Thorium metal is prepared by reacting thorium oxide with calcium. M ThO2 + 2Ca Th + 2CaO What substance is reduced? What is the reducing agent? What substance is oxidized? What is the oxidizing agent? Answer: Th4+ is reduced, Ca is the reducing agent, Ca is oxidized, ThO4 is the oxidizing agent 4.103 Batteries in our cars generate electricity by the following chemical reaction. M Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O What substance is reduced? What is the reducing agent? What substance is oxidized? What is the oxidizing agent? Answer: Pb4+ is reduced, Pb is the reducing agent, Pb is oxidized, PbO2 is the oxidizing agent 4.104 Describe the procedure used to make 3. 0 liters of a 2. M KCl solution, starting Hwith solid KCl. Answer: a. Determine the molar mass of KCl, which is 74. 55 g/mol. b. Weigh out 447. 3 g of KCl and dissolve to form exactly 3 liters of solution. 4.105 What is the molarity of a solution that contains 5. 0 moles of solute in 2. 00 liters of Esolution? Answer: 2. 5 M 4.106 The solubility of Ba(NO3)2 is 130. 5 g per liter at 0Â °C. How many moles of Hdissolved salt are present in 4. 0 L of a saturated solution of a Ba(NO3)2 containing 130. 5 g/L at 0Â °C? Answer: 2. 0 mol 4.107 What is the molar concentration of ions in a solution prepared by mixing M100 mL of 2. 0M KCl with 50 mL of a 1. M CaCl2 solution? Answer: 4. 2 M 4.108 What volume of concentrated nitric acid (15. 0 M) is required to make 100 mL of a M3. 0 M nitric acid solution? Answer: 20 mL 4.109 During a titration the following data were collected. A 10 mL portion of an Munknown solution was titrated with 1. 0 M NaOH. It required 40 mL of the base to neutralize the sample. (a) What is the molarity of the acid? (b) How many moles of acid are present in 2. 0 liters of this unknown solution? Answer: a. 4 M b. 8 mol 4.110 If 145 g of potassium nitrate were added to water to make 1500 mL of solution, Mwhat would be the molarity of the resulting solution? Answer: . 956 M 4.111 During a titration the following data were collected. A 50 mL portion of an HCl Msolution was titrated with 0. 50 M NaOH. It required 200 mL of the base to neutralize the sample. How many grams of acid are present in 500 mL of this acid solution? Answer: The acid is 2 M. 36. 5 g of HCl 4.112 Identify the Bronsted/Lowry acid in the following reaction. M NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- Answer: H2O 4.113 Identify each of the following as either good or poor conductors of electricity. M a. CaSO4 b. Pb(C2H3O2)2 c. glacial acetic acid d. gasoline (C8H18) Answer: a. good b. good c. poor d. poor 4.114 What is the substance acting as a Bronsted-Lowry acid in the following reaction. M HSO4- + NH4+ H2SO4 + NH3 Answer: NH4+ 4.115 The water solution found in cells and in blood makes up approximately 80% of the mass of the human body. This solution has a concentration of 0. 21 M NaCl and has a density of 1 g/mL. How many pounds of salt are present in an 180 lb adult? Answer: 1. 77 lbs (802. 5 g) TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS 4.116 We balance chemical equations because they obey the law of definite proportions. M Answer: F 4.117 From the following equation, we can deduce that six hundred P4O10 molecules M would react with one hundred H2O molecules. P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq) Answer: F 4.118 The following equation is balanced. M Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2HNO3(g) Answer: T 4.119 Sugar dissolves in water, therefore it is a strong electrolyte. E Answer: F 4.120 Silver chloride (AgCl) has an extremely low solubility in water; therefore, it is a Eweak electrolyte. Answer: F 4.121 Most compounds containing chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble except Ethose of Ag+, Hg, and Pb2+. Answer: T 4.122The following reaction is an acid-base neutralization reaction. E H2SO4(aq) + CaBr2(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) Answer: F 4.123The oxidation number of N in NO is +7. E Answer: F 4.124 Hydrogen is oxidized in the following reaction. M H2 + Cl2 2HCl Answer: T 4.125 The following equation is an example of a net ionic equation. M Na+ + Br- + Ag+ + NO3- AgBr(s) + Na+ + NO3- Answer: F 4.126 The oxidation number of iodine increases by 6 in the following reaction. M 2MnO4- + I – + H2O 2MnO2 + IO3- + 2OH- Answer: T How to cite Review Chemistry Chapter 4, Essay examples

Business Partnership Within Organization

Question: Describe about the Business Partnership Within Organization. Answer: 1. a. Type of Business that Dilara and Aysha are operating The type of business organization that is being operated on by Dilara and Aysha is a partnership. A partnership is a business organization that is managed and operated by two or more people. The people who are managing the partnership must share profits and losses together. In the identified scenario, Dilara and Aysha were sharing profits and losses that the organization was making. It is important to explain that the 1963 Partnership Act provides a definition of what a partnership business is[1]. Section 6 (1) of the act defines a partnership as a business organization that is managed by more than two people, with the aim of getting a profit[2]. Additionally, Section 7 (4) of the partnership act identifies the circumstances when an individual is a partner or when he is not a partner[3]. The section denotes that the proof of sharing of profits is an indication that the business organization is a partnership. Furthermore, the two were actively involved in the management of the organiz ation, and that is the reason they were looking for money that they could use to improve the business operations of the company. 1 (b): Whether their current business structure is suitable or they should form another type of business structure? Which one? The current business structure is not suitable for the sale of Brothersglen Winery to Polat. It is important to assert that Dilara and Aysha are the managing directors of the organization; hence, this makes the business organization to be considered as a partnership. Furthermore, as general partners, their liabilities are unlimited. For instance, section 13 of the 1958 Partnership Act denotes that every partner in a business organization is liable to the debts and obligations of the business under consideration. However, in a limited liability partnership, not every partner is liable for the debts and obligations of the business organization. A limited partner is a passive member of the business organization, and he is only limited by the contributions that he is making to the organization. Furthermore, they are not allowed to manage the affairs of the business organization, this is in accordance to section 98 of the 1958 Partnership Act. This is a provision contained in section 60 of the 1958 Partnership Act[4]. Under this section, the liability of a limited partner should not exceed the amount of contribution he made and one that is contained in the registry. From the provision of these laws, it is possible to denote that any form of a partnership is not possible, because Polat seeks to make some contributions into the business affairs of the organization. The two partners are also interested in allowing Polat to engage in running the business and this is because he has experience and expertise in the wine making industry. Therefore, the two partners want to involve him in running the affairs of the business. In fact, P olat wants to become a chief winemaker and with this contribution, Brothersglen Winery cannot qualify to become a partnership. Basing on these facts, the best business structure that the Dilara and Aysha should consider is forming a company. In the 1896 case of Solomon v Solomon[5], the court defined a company as a distinct legal organization that is separate from its shareholders. Therefore, the assets of the company belong to it. There are two major types of company, and these types are a private limited company and a public limited company. Another name for a private limited company is a proprietary company. Section 45A of the 2001 Corporations Act provides a definition of a proprietary company and its elements[6]. For instance, the members of a proprietary company are always limited by their share. If they are not limited by their shares, the members of the company have unlimited liability, but with their share capital. Furthermore, section 45A denotes that the maximum number of shareholders that a proprietary company should have is 50. Furthermore, the number of employees that a proprietary company should have is not more than 50. Furthermore, a proprietary company must not have revenue of more than $ 25 million or the value of the assets of the organization fall at less than $ 12.5 million. Another type of a company is a public limited company. A public limited company is a large company, and the process of forming such kind of a company is complex. This company has more than 50 employees and they are always allowed to raise capital from the public. Section 112 of the 2001 Corporations Act provides the characteristics of a public limited company. It identifies a public company as an organization that is limited by shares and guarantee. Furthermore, it is also an organization that is unlimited by share capital. Basing on these facts, the best company that Dilara and Aysha should form is the proprietary company. This is because they do not have employees who are more than 50 and the assets they control is less than $ 12.5 million. Furthermore, because it will be a company that is limited by shares, liabilities of Aysha, Dilara and Polat will be limited by the value of shares they control. 2: Issue As a minority shareholder, what are the remedies that Leo can bring against the directors of the company for failure to pay dividends and unfair dismissal from the board of directors? Relevant Law Despite being a minority shareholder, he can still find protection in the 2001 Corporations Act. This act provides a number of remedies that minority shareholders can get, when they are oppressed by the directors of the company or the majority shareholders. The 2001 Corporations Act requires the directors of a company to exercise their powers in a prudent manner, and to the interest of all the shareholders[7]. It is important to note that minority shareholders do not have the ability to influence the policies of an organization. However, the directors of the company have the mandate and they are required to advance the interests of all the shareholders of the company. They must therefore act in a fair manner. Application This action by the directors of the company can be termed as an oppressive conduct. An important common law principal that defines oppression is Wholesale Society Ltd v Meyer (1959)[8]. Under this case law, an act of oppression is one which is burdensome, wrongful and harmful. From this scenario of Leo and the two directors, the decision to remove Leo as a board member was a wrongful act. Furthermore, coming up with policies that aim at catering for the needs of the directors of the company is wrong and harmful to the interests of the minority shareholders. Section 232 of the 2001 Corporations Act identifies the behavior and activities that subjects a minority shareholder to the notion of commercial unfairness[9]. Under this act, an oppressive behavior occurs when a conduct of the company is against the interests of the members of the company, or it is discriminative and prejudicial against a shareholder. In Wayde v NSW Rugby League, the court was of the opinion that an action by the board of directors would be oppressive[10], if the action breached the provisions identified in section 232 of the 2001 Corporations Act. To efficiently come to a conclusion that a member has been oppressed, the court will apply the objective test, which involves whether a commercial bystander would view the activities of the organization as fair or not fair. Furthermore, in the identified case, there is a breach of the directors duty, and this also amounts to an oppressive behavior. Sections 181 and 183 of the 2001 Corporations Act talks about the breach of duty by directors and how they amount to the development of an oppressive behavior[11]. For instance, section 181 denotes that a director of the company has an obligation of acting to the best interest of the organization, and he must not exercise their power in a manner that that will benefit him. Therefore, this section can be applied to the case of Leo, because the directors of the company were using their powers to benefit themselves, and not the minority shareholders. It is important to note that on a general perspective, the shareholders of an organization have competing interests. Therefore, it is difficult for the directors of the company to act in a manner that satisfies all the shareholders. However, there are some decisions that directors of the company may enact, which violates the rights of other shareholders. For instance a decision to remove a shareholder from the board based on his objections of the activities of the directors is a breach of the right of the shareholders, and a duty of the directors. Remedies Moreover, section 233 of the Corporations Act provides a remedy when the rights of a minority shareholder are breached. Some of these remedies include, the appointment of a receiver manager, allowing the shareholder to sale his shares to the company or a shareholder of the company and providing an injunction to the company from acting in a manner that will harm the interests of the shareholder[12]. Additionally, it is important to note that while choosing the type of remedy to pursue, there are a number of factors to put into consideration. These factors include, the identification of the advantages and disadvantage of the oppressive remedy against actions from the statutory derivatives, they type of company involved and the effects of the choice under consideration. Conclusion Therefore, in the case of Leo, there is a clear violation of his rights, and this includes his right to getting dividends, and a fair treatment from the directors of the company. Leo can seek an injunction, stopping the directors of the company from removing him from the board, or he can sale his shares to other shareholders of the company. Preferably, he can sale the shares to the directors of the company or other members of the board of directors. 3: Issue: The remedies against the directors of the company for engaging in insolvency trading and the possible defenses they can invoke against conviction. Relevant Law The main applicable law in this scenario is section 588G and section 588H of the 2001 Corporations Act. Other laws to supplement the main law are section 9 and section 198, section 180, 181, 182 and 183 of the Corporations Act. Application Section 198A of the 2001 Corporations Act denotes that a business organization is governed and managed by the directors of the company[13]. Therefore, all the directors of the company have a legal obligation and duty to govern an organization. Section 9 of the 2001 Corporations Act provides a definition of who a director of the company is. This is a person who is validly appointed to the position of directorship, or an individual who acts as a director of the company[14]. Furthermore, section 180 to section 183 identifies the four important duties of a director of an organization. For instance, in section 180, a director has a duty to act in care and diligence, to the degree in which a reasonable person will judge the degree of care and diligence that the director engages in. Section 181 denotes that a director of the company has a duty to engage in good faith. Under this section, a director of the company must act in a manner that will promote the best interests of the company they are managing. This includes avoiding any conflicts of interests and ensuring that good managerial practices are implemented and adopted. On the other hand, section 182 requires the directors of the company not to use their position as an advantage for themselves, and to the detriment of the organization. Furthermore, section 183 of the legislation prevents the directors of the company from improperly using the information under their care. From this case, Erol, Kurt and Vanessa as the directors of the company, breached the provisions of the 2001 Corporations Act, regarding their duties, roles and obligations. For instance, the three directors have breached section 180 of the Corporation Act that requires the directors of a company to act in due care and diligence[15]. For instance, the preparation of the financial statements by Erol amounted to negligence, and he did not pursue due care while preparing the statements. Furthermore, Vanessa failed in her duty to act in due care and diligence by failing to read the financial statements and demanding an explanation from Erol. Constant absence of Kurt from the meetings of the organization was a breach of section 181 of the 2001 Corporations Act, because her behavior was not in good faith, and did not promote the interests of the company. It is important to note that because of their failure to act in the best interests of the company, the company became insolvent, when they authorized investments in the loss making businesses that were not reflected in the financial records of the company. It is important to note that section 588G of the 2001 Corporations Act places liability to the directors of the company if they engage in insolvency trading[16]. In this section, the directors of the company have a mandate of preventing the company from incurring debts if it is insolvent at the time it was incurring the debt, and if by taking that debt, the company will become insolvent, and if there are reasonable grounds that the company is insolvent, or it will be insolvent if it incurs the debt under consideration. In this case, there was reasonable ground that the company would become insolvent if it continued to invest in the loss making business venture. Therefore, the directors of the company can be held liable for engaging in insolvency trading. This is a principle that is reinforced in the 2002 case of Scott v Williams Ors[17], where the court held that it is possible to hold the directors of a company responsible for breaching Section 588G of the 2001 Corporations Act and engaging in insolvency trading. Section 588G (2) and (3) identifies the consequences of breaching the law. Remedies Two consequences are identified and they can either be a civil penalty, and this is identified under section 588G (2) and a criminal penalty under section 588G (3). A civil liability will occur if the director failed to prevent the debt or the investment from occurring, and they were aware of insolvency, or there were grounds that could be used to suspect for insolvency. A criminal liability will occur if the directors of the company knew that at the time of incurring the debt, the company was insolvent, and they failed to prevent this debt because they were dishonest and their intention was to defraud. Under the law, the maximum penalty allowed for a criminal liability to insolvency trading is 5 years, and a fine of $ 200,000. In a civil offence, the director can pay a fine of $ 200,000 and compensation as determined by the courts to the company and its shareholders. Subsection 588J1 provides the method of determining the compensation that the directors should pay, in case they are held to be liable for insolvency trading under civil law. The compensation should be equal to the loss suffered by the company. Furthermore, section 206 disqualifies a person from acting as a director of a company. Possible Defenses In coming up with a defense against engaging in insolvency trading, the directors of the company can rely on section 588H of the 2001 Corporation Act[18]. For instance, the directors of the company can argue that the person responsible for providing information was competent and reliable, and he was fulfilling his obligations. This is an argument that Vanessa and Kurt can use to defend themselves. Furthermore, Kurt can argue that he was not available while the decisions to make the investments were made, and he did not have any suspicion that the company would be insolvent due to the investments. The 2002 case of Manpac Industries Pty Ltd v Ceccattini identifies the above factors as a possible defense against insolvency trading[19]. Part B 4. Issue: Can auditors be liable for the tort of negligence to third parties? If they are not, what are the conditions that may make them to be liable to third parties for the tort of negligence? Auditors Do Not Owe A Duty Of Care To Third Parties Negligence is an example of tort and the plaintiff has the responsibility of proving the balance of probabilities against the action of the defendant. The 1932 case of Donoghue v Stevenson identifies the condition that exists, for an action of negligence against a defendant to succeed[20]. Basing on these facts, for the courts to award remedies associated with negligence, the plaintiff must proof that a duty of care was owed to him by the defendant, and he has suffered harm because the defendant breached the duty of care owed to him. It is important to note that in the 2000 case of Agar v Hyde, the court made a ruling that duty of care is a legal obligation and its breach must result to a liability of damages[21]. Furthermore, professionals normally owe a duty of care to their clients. Therefore, auditors normally owe a duty of care to their clients, and not to any third party who may rely on the reports of the auditor. This is a principle that was established in the 1992 case of Caparo Industries v Dickman[22]. While making a decision I this case, he House of Lord ruled that for any duty of care to exist, there must be a proximate relationship. Basing on these facts, the notion of foreseeability is not enough in making a decision on whether to hold an auditor responsible to third parties, for providing negligent work. Therefore, shareholders who may rely on those reports to make future investments may not succeed in bringing a negligence case against an auditor. This is because they do not have any proximate relationship. Furthermore, this is a position that is reinforced in the case of Columbia Coffee v Churchill[23]. In this case, the court was required to make a ruling on two important issues. The first issue is whether an auditor owes a duty of care to a potential investor, and if they owe a duty of care to the existing shareholders of the company. In providing an answer to the first question, the House of Lords made a ruling that an auditor cannot be liable for acts of negligence to people who will rely on the information prepared by the auditors to make an investment. In as much as it is foreseeable that there are people who may rely on the statements for investments, foreseeability alone is not a sufficient ground, that can lead to holding an auditor liable for acts of negligence. Furthermore, the House of Lords concurred with the ruling made in Columbia Coffee v Churchill; in the case of Caparo Industries v Dickman, that a relationship must pass the proximity case, for an auditor to be held liable for a negligence case against a third party. On the second issue, on whether shareholders can rely on the information provided by the auditors, the House of Lords made a ruling that auditors owe a duty of care to shareholders in general, and not individual shareholders of the company. Exemptions: When Auditors Can Owe A Duty Of Care To Third Parties However, the court made a ruling that there are circumstances where a proximate relationship between an individual shareholder and the auditors of the company would exist. In the 1997 case of Esanda Finance Corporation v Peat Marwick[24], the court established three principles that must exist, for a third party to bring a successful case against an auditor under the tort of negligence. These principles are, the information prepared by the auditor will be communicated to a third party or an identified class of people, the information prepared by the auditor will be used by a third party to engage in a transaction and it is likely that the third party will enter in to the relationship, based on the advice of the auditor. Australian law under section 18 of the ACL prohibits any deceptive conduct a professional can have towards his clients[25]. If these are proved, a number of civil remedies emerge, and they are injunction, damages or other orders that the court sees fit to issue out. Opinion Basing on these facts, I agree that auditors do not owe a duty of care to third parties, unless, there is evident that the prepared report will be relied upon by the third parties, and they will use the results of the report to make a transaction and chances are high that their decision will be based on the contents of the prepared report by the auditors.

Bill Gates Essays (575 words) - Big History, Bill Gates,

Bill Gates William H. Gates Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Microsoft Corporation William (Bill) H. Gates is chairman and chief executive officer of Microsoft Corporation, the leading provider, worldwide, of software for the personal computer. and employs more than 20,000 people in 48 countries. Born on October 28, 1955, Gates and his two sisters grew up in Seattle. Their father, William H. Gates II, is a Seattle attorney. Their late mother, Mary Gates, was a schoolteacher, University of Washington regent and chairwoman of United Way International. Gates attended public elementary school and the private Lakeside School. There, he began his career in personal computer software, programming computers at age 13. In 1973, Gates entered Harvard University as a freshman, where he lived down the hall from Steve Ballmer, now Microsoft's executive vice president for sales and support. While at Harvard, Gates developed the programming language BASIC for the first microcomputer -- the MITS Altair. In his junior year, Gates dropped out of Harvard to devote his energies to Microsoft, a company he had begun in 1975 with Paul Allen. Guided by a belief that the personal computer would be a valuable tool on every office desktop and in every home, they began developing software for personal computers. Gates' foresight and vision regarding personal computing have been central to the success of Microsoft and the software industry. Gates is actively involved in key management and strategic decisions at Microsoft, and plays an important role in the technical development of new products. A significant portion of his time is devoted to meeting with customers and staying in contact with Microsoft employees around the world through e-mail. Under Gates' leadership, Microsoft's mission is to continually advance and improve software technology and to make it easier, more cost-effective and more enjoyable for people to use computers. In 1995, Gates wrote The Road Ahead, his vision of where information technology will take society. Co-authored by Nathan Myhrvold, Microsoft's chief technology officer, and Peter Rinearson, The Road Ahead held the No. 1 spot on the New York Times' bestseller list for seven weeks. Published in the U.S. by Viking, the book was on the NYT list for a total of 18 weeks. Published in more than 20 countries, the book sold more than 400,000 copies in China alone. In 1996, while redeploying Microsoft around the Internet, Gates thoroughly revised The Road Ahead to reflect his view that interactive networks are a major milestone in human history. The paperback second edition has also become a bestseller. Gates is donating his proceeds from the book to a non-profit fund that supports teachers worldwide who are incorporating computers into their classrooms. In addition to his passion for computers, Gates is interested in biotechnology. He sits on the board of the Icos Corporation and is a shareholder in Darwin Molecular, a subsidiary of British-based Chiroscience. He also founded Corbis Corporation, which is developing one of the largest resources of visual information in the world-a comprehensive digital archive of art and photography from public and private collections around the globe. Gates also has invested with cellular telephone pioneer Craig McCaw in Teledesic, a company that is working on an ambitious plan to launch hundreds of low-orbit satellites around the globe to provide worldwide two-way broadband telecommunications service. In the decade since Microsoft has gone public, Gates has donated more than $270 million to charities, including $200 million to the William H. Gates Foundation. The focus of Gates' giving is in three areas: education, population issues and access to technology. Gates was married on Jan. 1, 1994 to Melinda French Gates. They have one child, Jennifer Katharine Gates, born in 1996.

Impact of New Economic Policy 1991 Essays

Impact of New Economic Policy 1991 Essays Impact of New Economic Policy 1991 Essay Impact of New Economic Policy 1991 Essay Essay Topic: Claim of Policy Industrialization through import permutation and public sector production with accent on heavy industry has been a really of import aim of our planning for development. In peculiar an of import differentiation was made among industries to be developed entirely by the populace sector. those reserved for the private sector. and those unfastened to development by either or both sectors. The reforms of 1991 abolished industrial licensing. except in a few industries for locational grounds or for environmental considerations. and import licensing. except in the instance of most consumer goods. Restrictions under the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act were eased. Entry demands ( including bounds on equity engagement ) for foreign direct investing were relaxed. private ( domestic and foreign ) investing were allowed into sectors such as power which had been reserved for public sector investing merely. Disinvestment of equity in the populace sector was besides initiated. The reforms. by concentrating chiefly on the private sector and non turn toing the jobs of PSEs. have exacerbated them. Industry histories for 28 % of the GDP and use 14 % of the entire work force. [ 20 ] In absolute footings. India is 12th in the universe in footings of nominal mill end product. [ 77 ] The Indian industrial sector underwent important alterations as a consequence of the economic reforms of 1991. which removed import limitations. brought in foreign competition. led to denationalization of certain public sector industries. liberalized the FDI government. improved substructure and led to an enlargement in the production of fast traveling consumer goods. [ 78 ] Post-liberalization. the Indian private sector was faced with increasing domestic every bit good as foreign competition. including the menace of cheaper Chinese imports. It has since handled the alteration by squashing costs. revamping direction. and trusting on inexpensive labor and new engineering. However. this has besides reduced employment coevals even by smaller makers who earlier relied on comparatively labor-intensive procedures. [ Decision Over the decennaries. the Indian theoretical account of development has created what is called the double economic system. On the one manus an enclave of big urban industries based on modem engineering was created both in the private and public sectors. uhich rernain tied to foreign assistance and engineering. On the other manus. there was the remainder of the economic system of the hapless which was left to fend for itself. I’he financial and trade systems were besides designed to enclave the economic system. rhe new economic policy will surely beef up this dichotomy and make something wasteful besides. which is evidently anti-poor. On behalf of the new industrial policy it is claimed that it will let go of the Indian industry from unneeded bureaucratic bonds by cut downing the n~lmber of clearances required from the Government. Chiefly. there are two concession~s: The proposed policy allows foreign investing up to 1 per cent to 100 per cent equity on automatic footing topic to some limitations on imports of capital goods. This grant is meant merely for the aliens or those who collaborate with Indian opposite numbers. In other words this proviso will beef up the clasp of the foreign companies on Indian Industry. I h e 2nd grant is for the Indian enterprisers and relates to technological imports. The policy provides no defence against inauspicious impact on the domestic capital goods industry. There is no selectivity in the policy I n the sense that import should non be allowed in those instances where domestic market is in a place to provide capital goods in equal measure and quality. There is no appropriate industry program with appropriate industrial mix. technological choice on the footing of precedences. 22 The sudden displacement from import permutation to export publicity misses both the co~nplementarity and the sequence. It besides misses the demand to take monolithic deformation: j. dependence and the ruptures between the two. The basic standard finding import permutation and taking industrial undertakings has so Ear aimed at salvaging foreign exchange in the short and average periods. Some projections were made for long-run foreign exchange demands but there was Small consideration given to the fact that short-tenn additions in ioreign exchange secured through puting up of all sorts of precedence every bit good as non-priority industries either for limited export or import permutation cnight lead to greater dependance on the universe market and foreign capital imd this push India into a more serious external fiscal crisis. Of class. non all industries set up were that sort. Quite a few. peculiarly the basic and natural stuff bring forthing undertakings. had long term good effects but a still larger figure did non fall in this class. Indeed. trust on foreign coaction and capital and engineering every bit good as universe market and universe monopolies have led both to greater dependance on exterior every bit good as greater and spread outing influence of external capital on Indian industry. peculiarly the new industries. which were set up with the professed intent of making economic independency. What came as an unintended effect of old policy will now be accentuated as a effect of N E I . ~ ~ The new policy is wholly soundless on employment. During the 1880ss. when the industrial growtli increased from five per cent to eight per cent. employment snaps uniformly declined in all. except in the services sector. Unemployment is no A ; going politically unacceptable and already taking to monolithic societal agitation. One expected of the Government to do a clear statement on the employment aim. peculiarly when there is traveling to be a monolithic displacement towards ask foring foreign capital which will be invested merely in capital- intensive industries. Modemisation and export publicity will escalate capital strength every bit good as import-intensity which is besides biased in favc~ur of capital and against labor. The agricultural sector of the economic system is adversely affected by the New Economic Policy. Our farming community is now at the clemency of transnational corporations. They were now confronting two types of jobs. On one side the cost of cultivation is increasing as a consequence of retreating subsidy by the authorities to farm inputs. and the other side they were non acquiring compensable monetary value for their merchandises. The disregard and jobs of a sector which provide support to more than 60 % of the population is black to the Indian economic system. Most of the agricultural harvests shows a worsening growing rate after the acceptance of the New Economic Policy. The economic or. more specifically fiscal crisis is non to the full independent. I t is linked. both as a cause and consequence with many other crisis. The whole society is caught with Inany fold societal paroxysms. The NEP is a despairing dip to rneet some immediate economic menaces. It may or may non win. It has positive facets which are welcome but there are many others which may intensify the crisis. If monolithic investing in the populace sector and import permutation failed to do lndia autonomous how can private sector. including foreign investors and export publicity achieve autonomy under imposed external restraints? So it is logical to reason that the way of the economic system has to alter. There ought to be paradigm displacements towards a more self reliant. sustainable and merely development theoretical account whose end will besides be fundamentally different: non more production of material richness but the creative activity of a new single and society- a contented comfortable community based on a set of values Gandhi propagated and worked for viz. . co-operation sharing engagement common authorization non-violence and peace prior to the mid-1960s India relied on imports and nutrient assistance to run into domestic demands. However. two old ages of terrible drouth in 1965 and 1966 convinced India to reform its agricultural policy. and that India could non trust on forei gn assistance and foreign imports for nutrient security. India adopted important policy reforms focused on the end of foodgrain autonomy. This ushered in India’sGreen Revolution. It began with the determination to follow superior giving up. disease immune wheat assortments in combination with better farming cognition to better productiveness. India ranks 2nd worldwide in farm end product. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry. logging and fishing accounted for 15. 7 % of the GDP in 2009–10. employed 52. 1 % of the entire work force. and despite a steady diminution of its portion in the GDP. is still the largest economic sector and a important piece of the overall socio-economic development of India. [ 94 ] Outputs per unit country of all harvests have grown since 1950. due to the particular accent placed on agribusiness in the five-year programs and steady betterments in irrigation. engineering. application of modern agricultural patterns and proviso of agricultural recognition and subsidies since the Green Revolution in India. However. international comparings reveal the mean output in India is by and large 30 % to 50 % of the highest mean output in the universe. [ 95 ] Indian provinces Uttar Pradesh. Punjab. Haryana. Madhya Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh. Bihar. West Bengal. Gujarat and Maharashtra are cardinal agricultural lending provinces of India. India receives an mean one-year rainfall of 1. 208 millimeters ( 47. 6 in ) and a entire one-year precipitation of 4000 billion three-dimensional meters. with the entire utilisable H2O resources. including surface andgroundwater. amounting to 1123 billion three-dimensional meters. [ 96 ] 546. 820 square kilometers ( 211. 130 sq myocardial infarction ) of the land country. or about 39 % of the entire cultivated country. is irrigated. [ 97 ] India’s inland H2O resources including rivers. canals. pools and lakes and marine resources consisting the E and west seashores of the Indian ocean and other gulfs and bays provide employment to about six million people in the piscaries sector. In 2008. India had the world’s 3rd largest fishing industry. [ 98 ] India is the largest manufacturer in the universe of milk. jute and pulsations. and besides has the world’s 2nd largest cowss population with 175 million animate beings in 2008. [ 99 ] It is the 2nd largest manufacturer of rice. wheat. sugar cane. cotton and Indian potatos. every bit good as the 2nd largest fruit and vegetable manufacturer. accounting for 10. 9 % and 8. 6 % of the universe fruit and vegetable production severally. [ 99 ] India is besides the 2nd largest manufacturer and the largest consumer of silk in the universe. bring forthing 77. 000 million dozenss in 2005. [ 100 ]

Early Childhood Education Program Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Early Childhood Education Program - Term Paper Example This center has a goal of providing the best training and education for eight hours a day operation. For ages three to five years old, the curriculum will be conducted for four hours and five days a week. This is to ensure that the development of the children of this age will be observed. This center is very essential to provide the positive impact and nurture on the children within the community. As a center designed to provide quality education for infants and toddlers as well as preschoolers, this school is important in the community. Vision To be the best in providing the children the finest life and career skills using the comprehensive classroom technology plan. To be committed to provide true service where teachers and educators are knowledgeable and responsible and who truly care to their students. We believe that we can offer and develop the learning and innovation skills of the students. We desire to inspire to our valued students the importance of learning the information, media and technology skills by providing the best classroom environment and teaching plan that suits every need of the students. We dedicate all our gifts, efforts and power to its realization. With God’s help, this vision will be upheld. ...To be able to instil the value of classroom development and provide the best learning environment to the students for the common good. Philosophy Children are the most precious gifts to parents. For a teacher, a second most valuable guide to each student, teaching is a very essential job that contributes to intellectual growth and future of a child. Subjects and activities included in each curriculum are expertise of the teacher. The students should be moulded into active participants of a learning process through classrooms equipped to teach the students and a well organized curriculum to fit the needs of the students. In the end, the students should meet the premiere standards and assessments. The proposed vision, mission and philosoph y are based on the Constructivist Theory of child development and learning. This theory was popularized by Jean Piaget, Maria Montessori and Lev Vygotsky who believed that interaction of young children with their environment and their peers greatly influence their learning and development (Theories of Child Development and Learning, n.d., par.6). According to this theory, it is thus important that physical environment and curriculum must be given importance and utmost groundwork. Thus in the vision, mission and philosophy, it has been reiterated that the best classroom environment and curriculum must be provided as fundamentals for excellent education. The stated vision, mission and philosophy were founded on my belief that education is the foundation of a child’s learning and intellectual growth. Thus, teachers must be capable of the expertise when instilling values and learning to children.

Comparison of a Poem to a Song Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparison of a Poem to a Song - Coursework Example The poem â€Å"theme for English B† is a poem written at the peak of racial discrimination in the year 1951.  In the poem,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"theme for English B† Hughes talks about the differences between him and his class instructor (Bloom, pg 21). The poet talks about being the only colored person in his  class  and shows the  feeling  of his  likeness  to other races, solely â€Å" white† and yet different throughout the poem. Using his  community  (Harlem) as an  inspiration  Hughes manages to write a poem that depicts his  ethnic  affiliation. The class  instructor  gave a  precise  brief description of the  assignment  that is, go home, write a page tonight, and let the  page  be the  original  thoughts of students (Fetzer, pg 23). The persona in the  poem  remains  uncertain  on whether the task is that  easy  as portrayed by the class instructor.  Afterwards,  the student outlines the reasons substantia ting his  thought  that such an  assignment  could not be  easy. The speaker in the poem â€Å"theme for English B† is older compared to most white students in the English class. Secondly, the student gives the  route  he takes from  school  to his  residence  where the narrator sits  to do  his  assignment (Bloom, pg 46). The student perceives the  difficulty in writing true ideals or something that is only purported to be true. This judgment was at the discretion of the  white  class  instructor. The student plunges into listing what he likes, subsequently supposing that being colored does not make him different from the things he likes as other races.  The speaker in the  poem  is bothered  if his black identity  will make a difference in what he writes (Fetzer, pg 44). Secondly,  he wonders whether he will be able  to talk  with a white tutor  given that  he  is black. Despite these ill feelings, the speaker in the   poem  finally admits that both of them are part of each other. The speaker then delves into an  extremely  significant  conclusion  that as the black students learn  from the  white tutor, the  instructor  equally  learns from the  black student.  The tone of Langston Hughes in his poem befits the  description  of  mildly  ironical’ as he shows his difficulty in  earnestly  communicating  his own feelings at the  specifications  of his  white  tutor of English.  Irony is  manifest  in the  poem  where he commences by saying â€Å"I wonder if it is that simple,† but at the end of the poem, he succeeds in doing just that in a  remarkably  correct  manner. His actual inner being comprises of two distinguishing aspects; he is black and very different from the instructor of his class. Secondly, he is an American just like every other American inclusive of his tutor. The author of the poem embraces a conciliat ory tone that acknowledges the fact that the two races are part of each other. Nevertheless, the poem ends on a tone full of  regret  somewhat more  free. Besides poems, songs are also excellent mediums of creating awareness or sensitizing the  society. An example is the  song  we shall be  free  by Garth Brooks. The  song  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We Shall Be Free† is a song produced by American country music artist during the year 1992. The artist was born on February 7, 1962 in America. The artist in the release of this song collaborated with Stephanie Davis. In this song, an ordinary  man  conceives of a world in which human beings are free from earthly subjugations. Topics addressed in this

Time series analysis of stock price Research Proposal

Time series analysis of stock price - Research Proposal Example 6). Stock refers to a fraction of ownership of a company by a person. It is a subdivision of a company’s capital that is sold to interested investors for capital generation. Based on the terms of the sale, stock, also known as shares are transferable at timely market prices (Borrowski, p. 3). Capital market is a network in which shares are sold. It consists of companies that issue the stock, the stocks to be traded and the investors who buy or sell the stock at a particular time (Borrowski, p. 3). This research proposal has been motivated by the increasing essence of capital markets in economies and has further been facilitated by the perception that statistics can be used to understand factors in stock prices such as trend and seasonality. The paper with this respect seeks to conduct a time series analysis of stock prices in the New York Stock Exchange market. It will explore some of the factors that affect stock prices and in light with analysis of stock prices of listed companies in a sector, move to investigate possible factors that affects trend and seasonality factors of stock prices in the financial sector’s New York Stock Exchange market. The stock exchange markets, as a forum for buying and selling of shares of companies operates like the normal markets in terms of financial implications of transactions. This means that among other factors, buyers and sellers engage in transactions with the aims of either buying the shares for as low costs as possible or selling them at as high prices as possible. Forces of demand and supply, subject the perceived financial position of particular companies that owns the shares, therefore influences the prices of shares over time. Stock prices are therefore expected to be on high demand when investors predicts higher stability and returns from investing in the issuing company. Similarly, factors that would affect the ability of investors to spend in the capital market will also generally dictate the trend

Effect Of Growth Factors Fcs On Cell Proliferation Biology Essay

Effect Of Growth Factors Fcs On Cell Proliferation Biology Essay Introduction: The technique in which cells normally of one type, removed from animal tissue are grown in presence of supplements and growth factors under controlled conditions is called Cell Culturing. Different cells require different conditions of temperature and gas for their appropriate growth in a cell incubator moreover growth media plays a crucial role in cell culturing, which can vary in glucose concentration, pH, growth factors like fetal calf serum (FCS). The effect of one of the above mentioned variables, we are going to study in this experiment is growth factors. Growth factors as the name suggests enhancers the growth which supplements the media are obtained from animal blood such as calf serum. Cell proliferation is studied by various methods, mainly used methods involve measuring the colour intensity taken up by DNA of cell during cell proliferation in presence of staining dyes e.g. crystal violet and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide). The aim of this experiment is to study cell proliferation by using crystal violet and MTT methods while using mouse Y1 adrenocortical cells under the effect of growth factor FCS. Mouse Y1 adrenocortical cell are grown in Dulbeccos modification of Eagles medium as monolayer cultures. Crystal Violet: It is biological stain used in cell proliferation method which stains DNA of the cells after permeabilisation with methanol. The positive ammonium ions of crystal violet stain DNA of cells in blue colour. The colour intensity produced is directly proportional to number of cells, which is determined in stained cells by colorimeter. Staining with crystal violet and MTT are based on principal of absorbance. MTT: The MTT assay is a standard colorimetric assay in which activity of reductase enzymes are measured which convert MTT to blue insoluble formazan. The metabolic activity of viable cells is used as basic parameter in MTT assay. The tetrazolium salt, MTT is now widely used in quantitative measurement of cell proliferation. This method depends upon uptake of MTT by viable cells, which is a water soluble tetrazolium salt producing a yellowish solution. MTT is cleaved to insoluble blue formazan in the mitochondria of living cells by succinic dehydrogenases in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Material Used: Mouse Y1 adrenocortical cells, Dulbeccos medication of Eagles medium (DMEM) containing 10% Fetal calf serum, 2mM glutamine, 100u/ml penicillin and 100mg/ml streptomycin, crystal violet stain (0.1% solution in 200mM boric acid), MTT (5mg/ml MTT solution in PBS), PBS methanol, 10% glacial acetic acid, distilled water, acid-isopropanol. Apparatus used: Laminar flow cabinet sterilized two 96 well plates, multi well pipettes, pasture pipettes, sterilized T-flasks, sterilised empty reservoirs, gas incubator, fume cupboard, spectrophotometer etc. Method: Cells of mouse Y1 adrenocortical were separated from their substratum with tris in EDTA as they grow in monolayer cultures. Then added same volume of medium and centrifuged after that number of cells were counted on haemocytometer and diluted to concentration of 1.25 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ © 105 cells/ml and made it up to 30 ml. Then cells were passaged into centre 60 wells of 96 well plate in duplicate with concentration of 0.25 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ © 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ cells/ 200ÃŽÂ ¼l in each well while outside wells of 96 well plate were filled with same amount of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and allowed the cells to incubate overnight at 37  °C temperature in humidified gas incubator. After that cells were washed with PBS three times and different wells of each plate were treated with different concentrations of FCS which is shown in table 1. Hence 12 wells of each plate were treated with 0, 1, 5, 10 and 20% v/v concentration of FCS and both plates were incubated for 72 hours. One plate was used for crystal violet staining method and other for MTT assay. Table 1: Dilution of FCS % FCS Volume of Serum (ml) Volume of Medium (ml) 0 0 10 1 0.1 9.9 5 0.5 9.5 10 1 9 20 2 8 Crystal violet staining method: For this method cell media was removed first of all from incubated plate and then cells were washed with PBS. After that were fixed with 200ÃŽÂ ¼l of methanol for 15 minutes in fume cupboard. Then methanol were removed and cells were allowed to dry in fume cupboard for few minutes. Then cells were treated for 20 minutes with crystal violet stain 200ÃŽÂ ¼l/well. Later cells were washed three times with distilled water and stained cell layer was allowed to solubilised in the 50ÃŽÂ ¼l of 10% glacial acetic acid and plates were incubated for 30 minutes in gas incubator. After that absorbance of each well was read by plate reader spectrophotometer set at 540nm. MTT Method: To perform MTT assay, each of centre 60 wells of 96 well plate was treated with 20ÃŽÂ ¼l of MTT solution and plate was incubated for 4 hours at 37o C temperature in gas incubator. After 4 hours, the medium was removed from each well and 100ÃŽÂ ¼l of acid-isopropand was added to dissolve blue formazan crystal in the cell layer. Then plate was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. When blue formazan crystal were solubilised, absorbance of each well was measured at 570nm using the plate reader. Calculations: Cells in five squares of Haemocytometer = 24 Volume of each square is =4ÃÆ'-10-3ÃŽÂ ¼l The no. of cells in five squares multiplied with 5ÃÆ'-104 gives no. of cells in 1ml. Hence no. of cell in 1ml = 1.2ÃÆ'-106 cells/ml Required cell suspension = 1.25ÃÆ'-105 cells/ml Dilution Factor = Concentration Required/Concentration got Dilution Factor = 0.104 Therefore, in order to make 30 ml of cell suspension 3.125 ml of cell suspension was mixed with 26.875 ml of medium. Similarly 30 ml of cell suspension was prepared having 1.25ÃÆ'-105 cells/ml. Results: Observation Table for crystal violet staining method %FCS Average Standard Deviation 0 0.205 0.0218 1 0.255 0.0307 5 0.309 0.0450 10 0.432 0.0614 20 0.581 0.0844 Table2: Data obtain from plate reader at 540nm Graph showing effect of FCS with Crystal Violet Method Above graph shows that with increase in serum concentration the absorbance increases, which is directly proportional to cell number. Observation Table of MTT staining method: % FCS Average Standard Deviation 0 0.094 0.0081 1 0.115 0.0138 5 0.152 0.0191 10 0.276 0.0724 20 0.400 0.0807 Table3: Data obtained from plate reader at 570nm. Graph showing effect of FCS with MTT staining Above graph shows that with increase in serum concentration the absorbance increases, which is directly proportional to cell number. Discussion: Crystal Violet Staining method and MTT Assay is based on principle of absorbance, more is colour intensity, more will be the absorbance value. The result of Crystal violet staining method clearly indicated that absorbance value was directly proportional to cell proliferation as it was increasing with concentration of FCS. FCS stimulated Cell Proliferation Result in more cells and DNA Methanol increased cell membrane permeability Result in more stained DNA More Colour intensity Hence More Absorbance Value Similar results were seen in MTT Assay but in this assay only viable cells were stained while in crystal violet method both viable and non viable cells were stained. So Crystal Violet method of staining is not specific staining technique because in this absorbance is not direct index of cell viability. The drawback of MTT Assay is that some reducing agent may reduce MTT also which could show slight increase in absorbance, moreover this method depends on some variable like pH, presence of D-glucose and pyridine nucleotides which can affect the specificity of Assay. In spite of above said limitations these methods are mostly followed because they are safe, simple, cheap and reproducible. Differentiation of K562 cells to megakaryocytes/platelets To study cell differentiation of K652 cells chronic myelogenous leukaemia, K652 cell line, indicates an early differentiation stage of granulocyte lineage. K652 cells are non-adherent, circular shaped with small microvilli. In the presence of tumour promoters like phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) these type of cell are differentiated to megakaryocytes. The induction of megakaryocytic differentiation of K652 cells is known to be initiated by two signalling pathways which are the nuclear factor kappa B(NF-ÃŽÂ ºB) -depends pathways and other is extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated kinase (MAPK) dependent pathways. Human chromic myelogenous leukemic cells, K652 cells have Philadelphia chromosome. Tumour promoter, PMA which is a potent mitogen for human peripheral blood lymphocyte also act as a protein kinase C (PKC) activator which differentiate K652 cells to megakaryocytes. The various changes that occurs during differentiation of K652 cells are: Changes in cell morphology Cell growth arrest Adhesive properties of cell change Expression of markers associatated with megakaryocytes Endomitosis NADPH oxidase complex which is known as a primary source of ROS (Radio active oxygen species), is initiated by PMA. PMA stimulates NADPH ROS (Signalling Molecule) Induction of gene expression is directly related with ROS. The Expression of CD61, a platelet cell marker helps in identifying differentiated cells. The expression of CD61 can be seen on platelets, osteoclasts, macrophages and on some tumour cells, involved in tumour metastasis and in adenovirus infections. Results and Discussion: It was observed that PMA treated slide was stained pink while cells devoid of PMA were stained blue as shown in Pic. 1 2. In PMA treated slide the K562 cells were clearly differentiated to megakaryocytes which suggested that tumour promoter, PMA induced differentiation in K562 cells by signal transduction and expressed by CD61 as shown in picture below. C:UsersmkkaushalPicturescell bio picsmail2.jpg Pic. 1 PMA Treated Cells clearly showing Differentiation to Megakaryocytes C:UsersmkkaushalPicturescell bio picsmail.jpg Pic. 2 Cells Devoid of PMA stained blue in Colour The expression of CD61 was recognised by addition of rabbit anti-mouse IgG antibodies that bind to CD61 antibodies when incubated in presence of alkaline phosphatise anti alkaline phosphatise (APAAP) complex. The cells were stained pink because fast red dye get attached to APAAP so this is how CD61 was expressed in cell treated with PMA. Moreover cells treated with PMA were larger, irregular, in shape and fewer in number as compare to untreated cells. On the contrary, Cells devoid of PMA were much smaller in size than treated cells. Diagramatic Representations of Immunocytochemical Reactions To Detect CD61 PMA Treated Cells PMA Untreated Cells CD61 bound to both treated and untreated cells Then Cells are washed to Remove CD61 unbound Treated with RAM Then RAM binds to APAAP and cells are stained pink in colour. : Mouse Antihuman CD 61 (Primary Antibody) : Rabbit Antimouse IgG (RAM- Secondary Antibody) : Mouse Alkaline Phosphate AntiAlkaline Phosphatase(APAAP Tertiary Antibody)

Permissible Violence in the case of Self-Defense :: essays research papers

In Martin Luther King’s essay â€Å"The Ways of Meeting Oppression† and in the text â€Å"Nonviolence†, the term nonviolence is explained as a technique for social struggle. On the other hand, in the reading â€Å"The Black Panther Party for Self- Defense† it is stated that this social struggle doesn’t always carry the same meaning with the term nonviolence. As I agree with Black Panther’s idea, in my essay, I am going to discuss the extent that the black panthers’ resort to violence is justifiable. According to Martin Luther King, there are three ways that oppressed people cope with oppression; Acquiescence, basically where the oppressed get used to being oppressed. Resort to physical violence and corroding hatred, which would bring momentary solutions and establish additional and more complex problems. Nonviolent resistance, that seeks to create a balance between the acquiescence and violence by preventing the extremes and immoralities of both. In the text â€Å"Nonviolence† the term is explained as â€Å"a set of assumptions about morality, power and conflict that lead its proponents to reject the use of violence in efforts to attain social and political goals.† (p.1) As King implies, those assumptions does not imply a battle between people but a opposition between justice and injustice and by the help of nonviolent resistance the Negro can fight for equality. The hint is to create effective tactics and considering political and cultural conditions, and develop a better plan or strategy. As the rule of capitalism, the rulers’ power depends on the populace’s power. However, the concept of nonviolence challenges the power of rulers through the intentional removal of this co-operation. As Martin Luther King implies; â€Å"Through nonviolent resistance the Negro will be able to noble height of opposing the unjust system while loving the perpetrators of the system.† (p. 139.) From the beginning, the behaviors of the doers are aimed to be changed. However, because of the rising strength of the violence against the Negro had built the foundation for a self- defense movement to achieve liberation for all Black people, which is called â€Å"The Black Panther Party.† For all the Black people, the party wanted freedom, full employment, an end to the robbery of white people, decent housing, education, being held in prison and jails and being tried in a court by a jury of their peer group. When the topic came to the exemption of Black men from military service and an immediate end to police brutality and murder of Black people it also came to the extent the black panthers’ resort to violence is justifiable.

Beyond mass media

Mass media are inherently incompatible with a participatory society because of their mass character, not just because of government control or corporate influence. Mass media should be abandoned and replaced by participatory media organised as networks, such as telephone and computer networks. Los medios de comunicacion son inherentemente incompatibles con una sociedad participativa, debido a su caracter de masas, no solo por el control del gobierno o de la influencia corporativa. Los medios de comunicacion deben ser abandonados y sustituidos por los medios participativos organizados en redes, como el telefono y las redes informaticas. Complaints about the mass media are commonplace. To begin, there is the low quality of many of the programmes and articles. There is the regular portrayal of violence, given an attention out of proportion with its frequency in everyday life. – More generally, most of the mass media give much more attention to bad news–crime, deaths, disasters, wars, etc. –than to positive sides of the human condition. – The mass media frequently create unrealistic fears about criminals, foreign peoples and the like. Las denuncias de los medios de comunicacion son comunes. Para empezar, esta la baja calidad de muchos de los programas y articulos. No es la representacion ordinaria de la violencia, dada una atencion desproporcionada en relacion con su frecuencia en la vida cotidiana. -Mas en general, la mayoria de los medios de comunicacion dan mucha mas atencion a las malas noticias – la delincuencia, muertes, desastres, guerras, etc – que a los aspectos positivos de la condicion humana. -Los medios de comunicacion con frecuencia crean temores poco realistas sobre los criminales, los pueblos extranjeros y similares. â€Å"News† often is more like entertainment than information or education. -News reports, especially on television, are typically given WITHOUT much overt context. The latest events are described, but not what led up to them or caused them. The result is that consumers of the media learn a lot of facts but frequently don't understand how they fit together. â€Å"Context† is the result of the assumptions behind the facts, and this context is all the more powerful because it is neither st ated nor commented upon. â€Å"Noticias†, a menudo es mas como entretenimiento que la informacion o la educacion. -Los informes de prensa, sobre todo en la television, se suelen dar sin mucho contexto manifiesta. -Los ultimos acontecimientos se describen, pero no lo levaron a ellos o les causo. El resultado es que los consumidores de los medios de comunicacion aprenden mucho de los hechos, pero con frecuencia no entienden como encajan entre si. â€Å"Contexto† es el resultado de los supuestos detras de los hechos, y este contexto es aun mas potente, ya que no es ni afirmo ni comentado. Even the â€Å"facts† that are presented are often wrong or misleading. – Powerful groups, especially governments and large corporations, shape the news in a range of ways offering access to stories in exchange for favourable coverage, spreading disinformation, and threatening reprisals. Incluso los â€Å"hechos† que se presentan son a menudo erroneas o enganosas. – Los grupos poderosos, especialmente los gobiernos y las grandes corporaciones, forma la noticia en una gama de formas que ofrece acceso a las historias a cambio de una cobertura favorable, desinformar, y las represalias mortales. This argument suggests that reform of the media, although useful, should not be the goal. Instead, the aim should be to replace mass media by communication systems which are much more participatory. Este argumento sugiere que la reforma de los medios de comunicacion, aunque util, no debe ser la meta. En cambio, el objetivo debe ser la sustitucion de los medios de comunicacion mediante sistemas de comunicacion, que son mucho mas participativo. Replace undemocratic media structure: reemplazar las estructuras de comunicacion democraticos.. The usual approaches Private mass media are often justified as being a vital part of the â€Å"marketplace of ideas. † But, as a way of promoting truth, this so-called market is largely a myth, serving mainly the interests of elites. Los medios de comunicacion privados a menudo se justifican como una parte vital del â€Å"mercado de las ideas. Pero, como una forma de promover la verdad, este llamado mercado es en gran parte un mito, que sirve principalmente a los intereses de las elites. ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE MASS MEDIA (1) Emergencies. The mass media, especially radio and television, can come in handy in emergencies: messages can be broadcast, reaching a large fraction of the population. Emergencias. Los medios de comunicacion, especialme nte la radio y la television, puede ser util en situaciones de emergencia: los mensajes pueden ser transmitidos, alcanzando una gran parte de la poblacion. AGAINST—–But the mass media are not really necessary for emergency purposes. Fire alarms, for example, do not rely on conventional media. Furthermore, network media, including telephone and computer networks, can be set up to allow emergency communications. Pero los medios de comunicacion no son realmente necesarios para casos de emergencia. Las alarmas de incendio, por ejemplo, no confian en los medios de comunicacion convencionales. Por otra parte, los medios de comunicacion de red, incluyendo telefonia y redes informaticas, se pueden configurar para permitir las comunicaciones de emergencia. Actually, the mass media are a great vulnerability in certain emergencies: military coups. Because they allow a few people to communicate to a large population with little possibility of dialogue, television and radio stations are commonly the first targets in military takeovers. Censorship of newspapers is a next step. This connection between coups and mass media also highlights the role of mass media in authoritarian regimes. En realidad, los medios de comunicacion son una gran vulnerabilidad en ciertas situaciones de emergencia: los golpes militares. Porque permiten que algunas personas se comunican a una gran poblacion con poca posibilidad de dialogo, la television y la radio son normalmente los primeros blancos en golpes militares. La censura de prensa es el siguiente paso. Esta conexion entre los golpes de Estado y medios de comunicacion tambien pone de relieve el papel de los medios de comunicacion en los regimenes autoritarios. AGAINST—-Military strength is no defence against a military coup, and indeed may be the cause of one. To resist a coup, network communications are far superior to mass media (Schweik Action, 1992). So, from the point of view of preparing for emergencies, mass media are bad investments. La fuerza militar no es una defensa contra un golpe de estado militar, y de hecho puede ser la causa de una. Para resistir un golpe de Estado, las comunicaciones de red son muy superiores a los medios de comunicacion (Schweik Accion, 1992). Por lo tanto, desde el punto de vista de la preparacion para casos de emergencia, los medios de comunicacion son malas inversiones. (2) Media talent. The mass media allow many people to enjoy and learn from the efforts of some very talented people: actors, musicians, athletes, journalists and commentators. True. But just as many people can enjoy and learn from these talented people without the mass media, for example through audio and video recordings. 2) el talento Media. Los medios de comunicacion permiten que muchas personas puedan disfrutar y aprender de los esfuerzos de algunas personas muy talentosas: actores, musicos, atletas, periodistas y comentaristas. Verdadero. Pero al igual que muchas personas puedan disfrutar y aprender de estas personas con talento y sin los medios de comunicacion, por ejemplo a traves de grabaciones de audio y video. AGAINST—-Furthermore, the mass media suppress access to all but a few performers and contributors. Those who are left out have a much better chance of reaching a sympathetic audience via network media. Por otra parte, los medios de comunicacion suprimir el acceso a casi todos los artistas y colaboradores. Los que se quedan fuera tienen una mejor oportunidad de llegar a un publico mas simpatico a traves de los medios de comunicacion de la red. Richard Schickel (1985) points out that the celebrity is a twentieth-century phenomenon, created especially by movies and television. He describes a culture of celebrity, in which people strive to be well known, even if this is only because they have appeared on the screen. The culture of celebrity, he argues, is undermining many traditional practices. For example, politicians are sold on the media in terms of image rather than policies. Richard Schickel (1985) senala que la celebridad es un fenomeno del siglo XX, creado especialmente por el cine y la television. El describe la cultura de la celebridad, en la que las personas se esfuerzan por ser bien conocido, aunque esto es solo porque han aparecido en la pantalla. La cultura de la celebridad, sostiene, esta socavando muchas de las practicas tradicionales. Por ejemplo, los politicos se venden en los medios de comunicacion en terminos de imagen, mas que politicas. (3)Large resources. The mass media command enormous resources, both financial and symbolic. This makes it possible for them to pursue large or expensive projects: large-budget films, special investigative teams, in-depth coverage of key events. 3) los recursos grandes. Los enormes recursos de los medios de comunicacion de masas de comando, tanto economicos como simbolicos. Esto hace que sea posible para ellos para perseguir grandes o costosos proyectos: peliculas de gran presupuesto, equipos especiales de investigacion, la cobertura en profundidad de los principales acontecimientos. AGAINST—-Actually, large-scale projects are also possible with network systems. They simply require cooperation and collaboration. For example, some public domain software (free computer programmes) is quite sophisticated and has been produced with the help of many people. In centralised systems, far-reaching decisions can be made by just a few people. In decentralised systems, greater participation is required. En realidad, los proyectos a gran escala tambien son posibles con los sistemas de la red. Simplemente se requiere de la cooperacion y la colaboracion. Por ejemplo, algunos programas de dominio publico (programas informaticos gratuitos) es bastante sofisticado y ha sido elaborado con la ayuda de muchas personas. En los sistemas centralizados, decisiones de gran alcance se pueden hacer unas pocas personas. En los sistemas descentralizados, se requiere una mayor participacion. These four possible arguments for retaining mass media, in some reformed and improved form, actually turn out to be arguments against mass media. ABSTRACT AGAINST: – The mass media are not necessary for emergencies and are actually a key vulnerability to those who would take over a society. -The mass media are not necessary to enjoy and benefit from the talent of others, and they foster an unhealthy emphasis on image. -Finally, although the mass media can undertake large projects, such projects can also dev elop through network media, but in a way involving participation rather than central direction. Estos cuatro argumentos posibles para retener los medios de comunicacion, de una forma reformada y mejorada, en realidad resultan ser argumentos en contra de los medios de comunicacion. RESUMEN EN CONTRA – Los medios de comunicacion no son necesarios en caso de emergencia y en realidad son una vulnerabilidad clave a los que se haria cargo de una sociedad. -Los medios de comunicacion no son necesarios para disfrutar y aprovechar el talento de los demas, y fomentar un enfasis enfermizo en la imagen. -Por ultimo, aunque los medios de comunicacion pueden llevar a cabo grandes proyectos, estos proyectos tambien pueden desarrollarse a traves de los medios de comunicacion de la red, pero de una manera que implica la participacion en lugar de la direccion central. PARTICIPATORY MEDIA AGAINST–Mass media are inherently corrupting. A small number of owners and editors exercise great power over what is communicated to large numbers of people. -Mass media should be replaced by participatory media organised as networks, such as telephone and computer networks. Los medios de comunicacion son inherentemente corrompiendo. Un pequeno numero de propietarios y editores ejercen un gran poder sobre lo que se comunica a un gran numero de personas. – Los medios de comunicacion deben ser sustituidos por medios participativos organizados en redes, como el telefono y las redes informaticas.